This means that it has a smaller volume (~15%) and lower average density than Earth.Дue to the lack of a magnetosphere, solar particle events and cosmic rays can easily reach the Martian surface. Mars has half the radius of Earth and only one-tenth the mass. Mars has a surface area that is 28.4% of Earth's, which is only slightly less than the amount of dry land on Earth (which is 29.2% of Earth's surface). The Mars Gravity Biosatellite was a proposed project designed to learn more about what effect Mars' lower surface gravity would have on humans, but it was cancelled due to a lack of funding. Although microgravity is known to cause health problems such as muscle loss and bone demineralization, it is not known if Martian gravity would have a similar effect. The surface gravity of Mars is just 38% that of Earth. Comparisons between Earth and Mars Atmospheric pressure comparison SpaceX's aspirational goal as of 2017 was to land their cargo Starships on Mars by 2024 and the first 2 crewed starships by 2026. The mission architecture includes fully reusable launch vehicles, human-rated spacecraft, on-orbit propellant tankers, rapid-turnaround launch/landing mounts, and local production of rocket fuel on Mars via in situ resource utilization (ISRU).

SpaceX has proposed the development of Mars transportation infrastructure in order to facilitate the eventual colonization of Mars. ДЄt the February 2017 World Government Summit, the United Arab Emirates announced a plan to establish a settlement on Mars by 2117, led by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre. Two early proposals for building habitats on Mars are the Mars Direct and the Semi-Direct concepts, advocated by Robert Zubrin, an advocate of the colonization of Mars. Д¬olonization requires the establishment of permanent habitats that have the potential for self-expansion and self-sustenance. Programs such as those being tentatively planned by NASA, Roscosmos, and ESA are intended solely as exploration missions, with the establishment of a permanent base possible but not yet the main goal. Most of the human mission concepts as currently conceived by national governmental space programs would not be direct precursors to colonization. Since the 20th century, there have been several proposed human missions to Mars both by government agencies and private companies. 10 Ethical, political and legal challengesДЄrtist's rendition of various components of a human Mars surface mission.The most recent commitments to researching permanent settlement include those by public space agencies- NASA, ESA, Roscosmos, ISRO, the CNSA and the United Arab Emirates-and private organizations- SpaceX, Lockheed Martin, and Boeing.

Difficulties and hazards include radiation exposure during a trip to Mars and on its surface, toxic soil, low gravity, the isolation that accompanies Mars' distance from Earth, a lack of water, and cold temperatures. Reasons for colonizing Mars include curiosity, the potential for humans to provide more in-depth observational research than unmanned rovers, economic interest in its resources, and the possibility that the settlement of other planets could decrease the likelihood of human extinction. However, landers and rovers have successfully explored the planetary surface and delivered information about conditions on the ground. Organizations have proposed plans for a human mission to Mars, the first step towards any colonization effort, but no person has set foot on the planet. The hypothetical colonization of Mars (or settlement of Mars ) has received interest from public space agencies and private corporations, and has received extensive treatment in science fiction writing, film, and art. An artist's conception of a human Mars base, with a cutaway revealing an interior horticultural area

Space colony cargo transport simulator